[A 12-year-old girl in the Kurdistan region of northern Iraq.]
QADIYA,
Iraq — In the moments before he raped the 12-year-old girl, the Islamic
State fighter took the time to explain that what he was about to do was
not a sin. Because the preteen girl practiced a religion other than
Islam, the Quran not only gave him the right to rape her — it condoned
and encouraged it, he insisted.
He bound her hands and gagged her. Then he knelt beside the bed and prostrated himself in prayer before getting on top of her.
When it was over, he knelt to pray again, bookending the rape with acts of religious devotion.
DOHUK,
Iraq — Locked inside a room where the only furniture was a bed, the
16-year-old learned to fear the sunset, because nightfall started the
countdown to her next rape.
During the year she was held by the Islamic State, she spent her days dreading the smell of the ISIS
fighter’s breath, the disgusting sounds he made and the pain he
inflicted on her body. More than anything, she was tormented by the
thought she might become pregnant with her rapist’s child.
It was the one thing she needn’t have worried about.
Soon
after buying her, the fighter brought the teenage girl a round box
containing four strips of pills, one of them colored red.
“Every
day, I had to swallow one in front of him. He gave me one box per
month. When I ran out, he replaced it. When I was sold from one man to
another, the box of pills came with me,” explained the girl, who learned
only months later that she was being given birth control.
It
is a particularly modern solution to a medieval injunction: According
to an obscure ruling in Islamic law cited by the Islamic State, a man
must ensure that the woman he enslaves is free of child before having
intercourse with her.
Islamic State leaders have made sexual slavery as they believe it was practiced during the Prophet Muhammad’s time integral to the group’s operations, preying on the women and girls
the group captured from the Yazidi religious minority almost two years
ago. To keep the sex trade running, the fighters have aggressively
pushed birth control on their victims so they can continue the abuse
unabated while the women are passed among them.
More
than three dozen Yazidi women who recently escaped the Islamic State
and who agreed to be interviewed for this article described the numerous
methods the fighters used to avoid pregnancy, including oral and
injectable contraception, and sometimes both. In at least one case, a
woman was forced to have an abortion in order to make her available for
sex, and others were pressured to do so.
Some
described how they knew they were about to be sold when they were
driven to a hospital to give a urine sample to be tested for the hCG
hormone, whose presence indicates pregnancy. They awaited their results
with apprehension: A positive test would mean they were carrying their
abuser’s child; a negative result would allow Islamic State fighters to
continue raping them.
The
rules have not been universally followed, with many women describing
being assaulted by men who were either ignorant of the injunction or
defiant of it. But over all, the methodical use of birth control during
at least some of the women’s captivity explains what doctors caring for
recent escapees observed: Of the more than 700 rape victims from the
Yazidi ethnic group who have sought treatment so far at a United
Nations-backed clinic in northern Iraq,
just 5 percent became pregnant during their enslavement, according to
Dr. Nagham Nawzat, the gynecologist carrying out the examinations.
It
is a stunningly low figure given that the normal fertility rate for a
young woman is between 20 percent and 25 percent in any given month,
four to five times the rate that has been recorded so far, said Dr.
Nezar Ismet Taib, who heads the Ministry of Health Directorate in Dohuk,
which oversees the clinic where the victims are being treated.
“We were expecting something much higher,” he said.
The
captured teenage girl, who agreed to be identified by her first
initial, M., has the demeanor of a child and wears her hair in a bouncy
ponytail. She was sold a total of seven times. When prospective buyers
came to inquire about her, she overheard them asking for assurances that
she was not pregnant, and her owner provided the box of birth control
as proof.
That
was not enough for the third man who bought her, she said. He quizzed
her on the date of her last menstrual cycle and, unnerved by what he
perceived as a delay, gave her a version of the so-called morning-after
pill, causing her to start bleeding.
Even then, he seemed unsatisfied.
Finally
he came into her room, closed the door and ordered her to lower her
pants. The teenager feared she was about to be raped. Instead he pulled
out a syringe and gave her a shot on her upper thigh. It was a
150-milligram dose of Depo-Provera, an injectable contraceptive, a box
of which she showed to a reporter.
“To make sure you don’t get pregnant,” she recalled him saying.
When he had finished, he pushed her back onto the bed and raped her for the first time.
Ensuring Availability
Thousands
of women and girls from the Yazidi minority remain captives of the
Islamic State, after the jihadists overran their ancestral homeland on
Mount Sinjar on Aug. 3, 2014. In the months since then, hundreds have
managed to escape, returning to a community now living in tents in the
plains of the yellow massif, hours from their former homes.
Many of the women interviewed for this article were initially reached
through Yazidi community leaders, and gave their consent. All the
underage rape victims who agreed to speak were interviewed alongside
members of their family.
In
its official publications, the Islamic State has stated that it is
legal for a man to rape the women he enslaves under just about any
circumstance. Even sex with a child is permissible, according to a pamphlet published by the group. The injunction against raping a pregnant slave is functionally the only protection for the captured women.
The
Islamic State cites centuries-old rulings stating that the owner of a
female slave can have sex with her only after she has undergone istibra’
— “the process of ensuring that the womb is empty,” according to the
Princeton University professor Bernard Haykel, one of several experts on
Islamic law consulted on the topic. The purpose of this is to guarantee
there is no confusion over a child’s paternity.
Most
of the Sunni scholars who ruled on the issue argued that the
requirement could be met by respecting a period of sexual abstinence
whenever the captive changes hands, proposing a duration of at least one
menstrual cycle, according to Brill’s Encyclopedia of Islam.
In
its own manual, the Islamic State outlines the abstinence method as one
option. But it also quotes the minority opinion of a Tunisian cleric
who in the 1100s argued that it was enough to fulfill merely the spirit
of the law. That opens the way for other means, including modern
medicine, to circumvent the waiting period.
A
total of 37 women abducted by the Islamic State who agreed to be
interviewed over three trips to northern Iraq described an uneven
system: Some fighters insisted on double and even triple forms of
contraception, while others violated the guidelines entirely. Although
it remains unclear why some hewed closely to the regulations while
others flouted them, one emerging pattern was that women held by senior
commanders were more likely to be given contraception, in contrast to
those held by junior fighters, who perhaps were less versed on the
rules.
J.,
an 18-year-old, said she had been sold to the Islamic State’s governor
of Tal Afar, a city in northern Iraq. “Each month, he made me get a
shot. It was his assistant who took me to the hospital,” said J., who
was interviewed alongside her mother, after escaping this year.
“On top of that he also gave me birth control pills. He told me, ‘We don’t want you to get pregnant,’” she said.
When
she was sold to a more junior fighter in the Syrian city of Tal Barak,
it was the man’s mother who escorted her to the hospital.
“She
told me, ‘If you are pregnant, we are going to send you back,’” J.
said. “They took me into the lab. There were machines that looked like
centrifuges and other contraptions. They drew three vials of my blood.
About 30 or 40 minutes later, they came back to say I wasn’t pregnant.”
The
fighter’s mother triumphantly told her son that the 18-year-old was not
pregnant, validating his right to rape her, which he did repeatedly.
When
that fighter tired of her, he gave her as a gift to his brother. Yet
the brother did not take her back to have another blood test, forcing
her to have sex without ascertaining whether she was carrying another
man’s child. Several other women reported a similar set of
circumstances, including being given birth control by some of their
owners but not by others.
However,
the low pregnancy rate, say medical professionals, is evidence that the
rules intended to avoid pregnancy were more likely to have been applied
than not.
In
his office in Dohuk’s Ministry of Health Directorate, Dr. Taib, the
physician tasked with overseeing the treatment of the hundreds of
victims, was initially puzzled by the low pregnancy rate.
In
other conflicts where rape has been used as a weapon of war, it has led
to waves of unwanted pregnancies — either because the attackers did not
use birth control or, as was the case in the former Yugoslavia, because
they purposefully tried to impregnate their victims. One medical study of 68 Croatian and Bosnian rape victims found that 29 had become pregnant.
With
more than 700 cases of rape recorded so far, Dr. Taib’s center has
treated only 35 pregnancies. He expected to see at least 140. “Even
higher than that, if you consider that these women had multiple partners
and were raped every day over many months,” Dr. Taib said.
“I
concluded that either they did an abortion before they came back or
they used contraception. And if there were abortions, then there would
have been physical signs,” which would have been noted by the
gynecologist treating the returnees, he said. “There were no signs.”
A Fragile Protection
The
prohibition surrounding pregnancy is perhaps the only instance when the
codes that the jihadists were applying lined up with the concerns of
their victims, who dreaded carrying their rapists’ children.
Ahlam,
a middle-aged woman who was kidnapped with her six children, said she
had been not raped because she had been deemed unattractive. Because she
spoke Arabic, the Islamic State used her as an interpreter.
One
day, she was asked to chaperone a group of young Yazidi women to the
hospital in Tal Afar, where each woman was given 150 milligrams of
Depo-Provera.
Over
the months that followed, she said, she escorted in all around 30
victims to get the injection both in Tal Afar and later in the Iraqi
city of Mosul. Twice she was asked to escort her own teenage daughter,
who was raped by multiple fighters.
She
explained the conflicted feelings she had at the time. “ISIS took our
girls as slaves, only for sex,” Ahlam said, but the insistence on birth
control brought some relief. “No one wants to carry the child of their
enemy.”
Others described how the fighters so opposed pregnancy that some tried to force young women to abort.
Abdal
Ali said his sister, 20, was in her second trimester at the time of her
capture in 2014. Still, one commander so urgently wanted her as his
slave that he tried to end the pregnancy by giving her pills that would
cause her to miscarry.
“She
hid them under her tongue, and then when they weren’t looking, she spit
them out,” said Mr. Ali, who related the story on behalf of his sister
because she is undergoing medical treatment abroad for the injuries she
suffered. “They wanted to get rid of the child so that they could use
the woman.”
A
20-year-old who asked to be identified only as H. began to feel
nauseated soon after her abduction. “The smell of rice made me gag,” she
said.
Credit Tara Todras-Whitehill for The New York Times
Already
pregnant at the time of her capture, she considered herself one of the
fortunate ones. For almost two months, H. was moved from location to
location and held in locked rooms, but she was spared the abuse that was
by then befalling most of the young women held alongside her.
Despite being repeatedly forced to give a urine sample and always testing positive, she, too, was eventually picked.
Her
owner took her to a house, shared by another couple. When the couple
was present, he did not approach her, suggesting he knew it was illegal.
Only when the couple left did he forcibly have sex with her, and when
he did he appeared drugged.
“I
was telling him: ‘I’m pregnant. In your book it says that you can’t do
this.’ He had bloodshot eyes. He acted like he was high,” she said.
Eventually
he drove her to a hospital with the aim of making her have an abortion,
and flew into a rage when she refused the surgery, repeatedly punching
her in the stomach. Even so, his behavior suggested he was ashamed: He
never told the doctors that he wanted H. to abort, instead imploring her
to ask for the procedure herself.
When
he drove her home, she waited until he left and then threw herself over
the property’s wall. “My knees were bleeding. I was dizzy. I almost
couldn’t walk,” she said.
Weeks
later, with the help of smugglers hired by her family, she was spirited
out of Islamic State territory. Her belly was sticking so far out that
she could no longer see her toes when she finally crossed to safety.
Her first child, a healthy baby boy, was born two months later.
Related article: http://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/14/world/middleeast/isis-enshrines-a-theology-of-rape.html
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