by
Dr. Robert R. Owens
What I propose to do in this column is examine what are
the hallmarks of empire and ask my readers to honestly ask themselves,
“Is America a republic or an empire?”
Over the years in this column I have written about the American
Empire. I have advocated jettisoning the Empire to save the Republic.
This topic has sparked debate and controversy even among the most
dedicated readers. Usually the argument runs like this, “America is not
an Empire, never has been and never will be,” or “America’s far-flung
military deployments are not the garrisoning of an empire it is instead a
forward defense of the homeland.”
In my most recent column along these lines, aptly entitled, “Republic
or Empire?” in several publications there was spirited debate about
whether or not America could be called an empire. Some people seemed to
take offense at the very idea. Others who usually agree with my
political stands find this and my other foreign policy positions such as
bringing our troops home, concentrating on defending America, and
equitable trade with all unacceptable. I present and promote these
foreign policy positions as requirements for restoring limited
government. It is my belief that as long as we are involved in endless
war there is no real possibility to re-gain control of our government,
our budget, or our future.
What I propose to do in this column is examine the hallmarks of
empire and ask my readers to honestly ask themselves, “Is America a
republic or an empire?”
First, it makes no difference whether it is the President, the
Paramount Chief, an Augustus, the First Citizen, the Dear Leader, the
Great Helmsman or der Fuehrer. It doesn’t matter if it is an executive
branch, a Politburo, a Central Committee, the Cabinet, or the collective
leadership. Whatever form it takes, an empire is always dominated by a
highly centralized executive power.
America was designed not to be an empire but instead to be a federal
republic made up of a central government and state governments which
were the precursors and creators of the central government. This
central government founded upon and constrained by a written
constitution originally presented the world with something new, a
national government made up of divided co-equal powers. The Congress to
make the laws, the executive to enforce the laws, and the judicial to
judge if the laws conformed to the Constitution: the guiding light and
touch-stone of American limited government. This worked well to
establish and maintain a republic but it would not foster nor perpetuate
an empire.
Thus the Constitution established the framework of what became known
as the system of checks and balances. Only congress could make laws,
but the President could veto them. Congress could over-ride a
president’s veto, but the Supreme Court could declare laws
unconstitutional making them null and void. The president is in charge
of foreign policy and is the Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces, but
the Congress controlled the purse and could cut off funding. Upon
petition the Supreme Court could declare the actions of the president
unconstitutional yet the president could appoint justices to the Supreme
Court.
Did this work perfect? No, there were always swings one way or
another. There have been powerful Supreme Courts such as under Chief
Justices Marshall or Warren that changed the complexion of the country.
There have been powerful Congresses such as the one from 1865 to the
mid 1870’s that virtually ignored presidents and set policy. There were
powerful presidents such as Jackson or Lincoln. However the pendulum
always swung back and forth. If you examined all three institutions
there was one thing missing. Where was the sovereignty? Who was the
nation?
In the highly centralized state, which is an empire whether personal
or national, the leader or leadership operates according to the
sentiments of the Sun King, Louis XIV of France who
said,
“I am the State.” During the birth of the American system, our
Founders had spent more time debating this than any other aspect of the
government, who would be the sovereign power. They had just fought and
defeated one tyrant and they did not want to exchange one for another.
They didn’t trust the sovereignty of the nation in the hands of an
executive because of the long and bloody history of Europeans with
absolutism and
divine right. They didn’t trust an assembly after their recent history with the tyranny of the British Parliament and their
Stamp Act,
Quartering Act
and other attempts to bring the colonies to their knees. They couldn’t
place it in the hands of the Supreme Court for that body would be
merely judicial.
Instead they came up with a new idea in the world. They placed the sovereignty of the nation in the hands of
We the People.
The Constitution is designed to empower the people not the
government. Though today it is stretched and interpreted to give the
government the power to do whatever it wants whenever it wants
originally it was constructed to limit government.
We the People could vote the Congress in or out, we could
choose our own president, and if the Supreme Court said something was
unconstitutional that we wanted we could change the Constitution using a
mechanism embedded within the document itself. For the first time no
leader or oligarchy owned the state, instead the state belonged to the
citizens.
What do we see in America today? We have a president who
says,
“We can’t wait for an increasingly dysfunctional Congress to do its
job. Where they won’t act, I will.” When Congress after deliberation
decides not to pass the
Dream Act
giving amnesty to millions, the President uses an executive order to
make it law by decree. When the Congress refuses to pass a
cap-and-trade law
that many believe will hamstring our industry and hobble us in the race
with other nations, the president orders his EPA department to enforce
it anyway. Without consulting Congress the
President takes us to war against Libya and deposes a government.
These are the
actions
of an executive out of control. Under the original American system if
anyone would have asked, “Who speaks for the people?” the answer would
have been the House of Representatives because they were elected every
two years and were thus closest to the people. It wouldn’t have been
the Congress as a whole because under the original system the senate was
chosen by the various state legislatures and was designed to represent
the states. It was the House which spoke for the people. Today it is
the President who uses the bully pulpit magnified by a subservient press
and a thousand government media pressure points and outlets saying in
effect, I have a mandate from the people. I am the embodiment of their
will. I am the state.
The next hallmark of an empire we will look at is that domestic
policy becomes subordinate to foreign policy. The American President is
constitutionally in charge of foreign policy so there is no better
place for the holder of that office to act without any restraint.
Treaties must be ratified, so our presidents began in the 1940’s to
forge personal
agreements
with the leaders of other countries that had all the force of treaties
with none of the messy Senate confirmation required. Using their power
as Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces modern presidents have also
used their authority to start wars as in Kosovo and Libya, to sign cease
fires as in Korea, and to commit America to the support of dictators
and tyrants through deployments and equipment transfers, all without any
Congressional oversight.
If we ask ourselves, has domestic policy really become subordinate to
foreign policy think about whose infrastructure are we being taxed to
rebuild? In Afghanistan and Iraq our money and our companies are
building new schools while ours fall apart, we are building new roads in
Afghanistan while we watch our own bridges crumbling. We give billions
to countries and governments that despise us. We borrow money to
give it away and then sometimes borrow it back all in a
bizarre dance balancing foreign interests at the expense of We the People.
Another hallmark of an empire is that the military mindset becomes
ascendant to the point that civilians are intimidated. Think about the
Defense budget. In
2012 it was over 600 billion dollars. Does anyone believe Congress or anyone else really knows where all that money is going? The
size,
scope, and unbelievable
waste
in the defense budget stagger the imagination. However, to even
question the defense budget will immediately get someone labeled as an
isolationist who wants to gut our defense and surrender to the enemy.
Many people will argue that we are in a war and that during war of
course the defense budget will be bloated. Can you remember any time
since 1942 that we haven’t been in a war? Yes, there were the brief
days of the “Peace Dividend” under Clinton after the Soviet Union
dissolved which actually became the
rational
for increased defense spending. And during those brief days of peace
back in the 1990’s we fought a war and enforced a decade long no-fly
zone in Iraq, attacked Serbia, sent troops, planes or other assets to
Zaire, Sierra Leone, Bosnia (numerous times), Herzegovina, Somalia,
Macedonia, Haiti, Liberia, Central African Republic, Albania, Congo and
Gabon, Cambodia, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Tanzania, Sudan, Afghanistan, and
East Timor. And this was our only decade of peace since the 1940’s,
and to question any of this is considered tantamount to treason. We
must ask ourselves, “Has the military mindset become ascendant to the
point that civilians are intimidated?”
Perpetual war for peace has led the peaceful American people to be
ensnared in the clutches of the military-industrial complex as president
Eisenhower
warned it would in 1961.
All empires develop and maintain a system of satellite nations. When
we hear of this we immediately think of the old USSR and their slave
states in Eastern Europe. Advance the idea that America has satellite
nations and people become irate. “How could you say such a thing about
America?” Look at our so-called allies. Do they fit the description as
satellite nations? A satellite nation is one that the empire deems is
necessary for its own defense. It is also one that feels it cannot
stand alone and wants the empire’s protection.
That is the deal. The empire commits to protect the satellite and
the satellite agrees to stand with its back against the empire facing a
common foe. Add to that the fact that we supply money and material to
build the national defenses of our satellite/allies as well as economic
aid and a preferential trade system. Think about these ideas and decide
for yourself whether or not America has satellite nations ringing the
heartland of the empire.
Another hallmark of empire is that a psychology or psychosis of
pride, presumption, and arrogance overtakes the national
consciousness. We are all familiar with the twenty-first century
incantation of “Too big to fail.” That was applied by our bailout happy
leaders to their pet banks and companies during the opening days of the
Great Recession. It is also an apt description for the way in which
most Americans view our position as the most powerful nation on earth or
as the silver tongued talking heads like to say, the world’s sole
superpower. Since the end of World War One the United States has been
the unchallenged mega power among the western block of nations. Since
the dissolution of the Soviet Union we have towered like a colossus over
the rest of the world. In the memory of most people now alive it has
always been this way.
To most people the way it has been is the way it shall be. We speak
of embracing change and of realizing that change is the only constant
but few can really think that way. The familiar seduces us into
thinking that the momentary circumstances of today are the unshakable
foundations of tomorrow. To the children and grandchildren of the
greatest generation the world will always gaze in awe at the great
American eagle soaring above the world. Our navies rule the waves, our
masses of fighters, bombers, and drones can reach out and touch any
corner of the globe, our troops are the best trained, best equipped, and
best led armies the world has ever seen, so such a mega power could
never fall.
So it seemed to the inhabitants of Rome the eternal empire. So it
seemed to the British when the sun never set upon the union jack. And
so it seems to us. Even though a rag-tag group like Al Qaeda defies our
attempts to destroy them and continues to grow and multiply around the
world. Even though the Taliban not only have withstood more than a
decade of war they stand poised to reclaim their country as soon as we
leave. Even though our
deficit spending and the
national debt it creates is leading us to a financial collapse that our own military leaders have identified as the
greatest threat to our security,
and our leaders only answer is more spending. This pride, presumption,
and arrogance blinds us to the enduring truth of what comes before a
fall.
Finally an empire is the prisoner of history. A republic is not
required to act upon the world stage. It can pick and choose its own
way seeking its own destiny as a commonwealth of citizens. An empire
must project its power for fear that if it doesn’t another leviathan
will arise to take its place. A free republic that has maintained its
independence is able to decide where and when it will become involved.
An empire is always the leader of a center heavy coalition comprised of
the imperial core and the associated or satellite nations. As such it
is the collective security against the barbarian, the other that drives
the actions of the empire.
In the parlance of our day it is our turn. It is our turn to be the
policeman of the world, our turn to keep the peace, to guard
civilization from the unwashed hordes who seek to turn back the clock
and bring darkness into the world. We are a vanguard of stability in a
world beset by chaos, and so were the British and the Romans before
them.
Other writers may say something has been left off these hallmarks
while others may say some of these don’t apply. To all I would
recommend a study of former empires to see if they agree these
properties are found in all of them. Then ask ourselves, “Are these
properties present in America today?” Once we have completed this
process we will be able to answer the question for ourselves, “Is
America an Empire?” If we decide, yes it is, we have to realize that
there is a trajectory all empires follow: they rise and they fall.
We might decide that,we as the first empire that is not set-up to
plunder wealth but instead to distribute wealth, are different, and
therefore we will break the mold. We will stand while others have
fallen. One look at our debt should persuade anyone that what we have
built is as unsustainable as the British, the Roman, or any other empire
we wish to use as a standard.
Do you say, “We can’t be an empire because our president is
elected.” So were the emperors of the Holy Roman Empire, so were the
kings of Poland. It is the empire that empowers our executive. Do you
say, “We can’t be an empire because we have a Congress.” So did
Athens,Rome, and Britain. Do you say, “We can’t be an empire because we
have freedom of speech, freedom of assembly, why we even have the
freedom to own weapons.” So did Athens, so did Rome, and so did
Britain.
While we are yet on the glory side of the fall let us abandon the
empire to save our republic. Let us resign from the great game of
thrones, rebuild America, secure our own borders instead of those of
Korea, or Afghanistan, and reaffirm our dedication to be the last best
hope of mankind: a federal republic operating on democratic principles,
securing our God given liberties, providing personal freedom, individual
liberty, and economic opportunity to all its citizens.
Before the Fed turns one-hundred this
December, let’s make sure it gets audited! 2013 can be the year that the
House and the Senate pass legislation to Audit the Federal Reserve
Bank!